Resources

Technical Notes

Application (AN) and Product (PN) Notes are documents, created starting 1989 with the beginning of Focus Microwaves, published on our website since the mid 90’s, and describe products and methods used in non-50 Ohm noise and power measurements using test setups and impedance tuners. They cover frequencies from 1.5 MHz to 330 GHz. Parallel to the Notes, Focus has issued also a set of Frequency Asked Questions (FAQ) covering a number of definitions and often neglected aspects of the technology.

The total of over 170 Notes has been regrouped in basic subjects for easier browsing:

- TUNERS (WIDEBAND): PN-5, PN-5A, PN-9, PN-10, PN-11A, PN-30, PN-41, PN-48, PN-59, PN-90, FAQ: How does a Slide Screw Tuner (Frequency>100MHz) work? | Comparing Contacting and Non-Contacting RF probes (Slugs) | Electronic and Mechanical Tuners
- HARMONIC: PN-79, AN-11, AN-24, AN-47, AN-56, AN-71, AN-70, FAQ: Does Load Pull without Harmonic tuners make sense? | Hybrid Harmonic LP and wideband Tuners| Why do Triplexers cause spurious Oscillations
- DELTA TUNERS: AN-65, PN-94, PN-93
- PULSED IV: PN-84A
- NOISE: AN-1-90, AN-19, AN31, FAQ: What are Noise Measurements| Limitations and Recommendations in Noise Measurements| Hot Cold Y Factor Noise Measurement Method
- ACTIVE/HYBRID: AN-62, FAQ: Active Load Pull: Strength & Weaknesses
- DESIGN APP: AN-1-92, AN-63
- DRIVERS: AN-5, TN-2-98, AN-3-98, AN-50, AN-52, AN-57
- POWER LOAD PULL: AN-64, AN-60, PN-34, FAQ: What is a Load Pull Setup?| What are Load Pull Measurements?| Input Power Calibration for avoiding input Isolator| Measure Zin (DUT) using a passive Load Pull System| Power Added Efficiency | Limitations of a Load Pull System
- GENERAL & THEORY: AN-8, AN-44, AN-46, AN-64, FAQ: Basic Notions about Noise and Load-Pull | How do we Interpolate between Impedance points? | What is Tuner Loss?
- ON WAFER TESTING: AN-48, AN-55, AN-66, AN-65
- MEASUREMENT ERRORS: AN-15, AN-18, AN-54, FAQ: Attention with Isolators | What are Impedance Errors in Multitone (Intermod) Measurements?
- IMPEDANCE PATTERN: AN-25
- USING SPECIAL TUNERS: AN-42, AN-57, FAQ: Contacting versus Non-contacting Tuner Probes (Slugs) | Comparing Contacting and Non-Contacting RF probes (Slugs) | Electronic and Mechanical Tuners
- TEST METHODS & COMPARISON: AN-1-89, AN-2-90, AN-6, AN-9A, AN-12, AN-14, AN-22, AN-23, AN-40, AN-45, TN5-2004, AN-71, AN-67, AN-61, AN-59, AN-58, FAQ: Measure Zin (DUT) using a passive Load Pull System| Power Added Efficiency
- TUNER TESTING: AN-46, AN-49, FAQ: How does a Slide Screw Tuner (Frequency>100MHz) work?| Tuner Power Handling Limitations | Tuner Repeatability is affected by VNA Jitter
- SPURIOUS: AN-54
- EXTERN PROBE STATIONS: AN-66
- DESIGN SOFTWARE: PN-3, PN-6, PN-18
- CALIBRATIONS: PN-4, PN-50, AN-13 , FAQ: Calibration Definitions| The TRL Calibration Method
- TEST FIXTURES: PN-7, PN-54, PN-70
- WAVEGUIDE TUNERS: PN-43, PN-66
- DESIGN APPLICATIONS: PN-56
- MEASUREMENT SOFTWARE: PN-8, PN-12A
- MEASUREMENT LIBRAIRIES: PN-15
- CONTROL DRIVERS, DIY TESTING: PN-16, PN-19, PN-25, PN-29, PN-49, PN-71, PN-83, PN-80, AN-26, AN-28A, AN-53
- SPECIAL APPLICATIONS: PN-20, PN-26, PN-82, FAQ: Tuner Repeatability is affected by VNA Jitter
- SPECIAL TEST SETUPS: PN-14, PN-23, PN-24, PN-31, PN-32, PN-34, PN-47, PN-53, PN-73, PN-75
- DATA PROCESSING SOFTWARE: PN-21, PN-35, PN-36, PN-77
- ACTIVE LOAD PULL: PN-33, PN-40, PN-42, PN-92, PN-91, FAQ: Hybrid Harmonic LP and wideband Tuners
- MANUAL TUNERS: PN-58, PN-68, PN-69
- VNA CALIBRATION KITS: PN-2, PN-60, PN-61, PN-62, PN-63, PN-64, PN-65 , FAQ: The TRL Calibration Method
- HARMONIC REJECTION TUNERS: PN-44, PN-46, PN-55, PN-67, PN-68, TN-1-98
- HIGH GAMMA & PREMATCHING TUNERS: PN-17, PN-37, PN-52, PN-72, PN-74, PN-81
- DELTA – ON WAFER TUNERS: PN-94, PN-93
- LOW FREQUENCY TUNERS: PN-85 , AN-60

Delta Tuners Inherently Offer Better Accuracy On-Wafer

ID: PN-94 Date: 01/09/2021