Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). Focus’ Noise Modules integrate well with various third party noise receivers.
Noise Parameters: These are four numbers that fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device (twoport) at a given frequency. For practical reasons we use the following quantities as Noise Parameters:
Focus’ noise parameter extraction routines leverage the PNA-X’s unique implementation
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
A RF down conversion stage might be required if the frequency of noise measured exceeds the receiver’s bandwidth. Focus offers noise modules which support down conversion for optimal speed and performance.
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Input Noise Module
| wdt_ID | Model | s | Frequency | Connector | Insertion Loss | VSWR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | INM-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 3.5mm | 0.80 dB | 1.60 | |
| 2 | INM-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 2.9mm | 0.91 dB | 1.80 | |
| 3 | INM-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 2.4mm | 0.99 dB | 1.80 | |
| 4 | INM-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.85mm | 1.12 dB | 1.90 |
Output Noise Module
| wdt_ID | Model | s | Frequency | Connector | Downconverter | Minimum Gain (dB) | Maximum VSWR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ONM-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 3.5mm | 29 | 1.8:1 | ||
| 2 | ONM-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 2.9mm | 30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz | 2.1:1 | ||
| 3 | ONM-4000-DC | up to 40 GHz | 2.9mm | ▼ | 30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz | 2.1:1 | |
| 4 | ONM-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 2.4mm | 27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz | 2:1 | ||
| 5 | ONM-5000-DC | up to 50 GHz | 2.4mm | ▼ | 27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz | 2:1 | |
| 6 | ONM-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.85mm | 29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz | 3:1 | ||
| 7 | ONM-6700-DC | up to 67 GHz | 1.85mm | ▼ | 29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz | 3:1 |
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Typical Noise Setup
